This is a list of references for papers and books used or referred to within this website. Each reference contains DOI and, if available in the public domain, also the link to the pdf or HTML version.

• Anderson, M.J., Crist, T.O., Chase, J.M., Vellend, M., Inouye, B.D., Freestone, A.L., Sanders, N.J., Cornell, H.V., Comita, L.S., Davies, K.F., Harrison, S.P., Kraft, N.J.B., Stegen, J.C. & Swenson, N.G. 2011. Navigating the multiple meanings of β diversity: a roadmap for the practising ecologist. Ecology Letters 14: 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01585.x pdf
• Blanchet, F.G., Legendre, P. & Borcard, D. 2008. Forward selection of explanatory variables. Ecology 89: 2623-2632. pdf
• Borcard, D., Gillet, F. & Legendre, P. 2011. Numerical Ecology with R. Springer.
• Borcard, D., Gillet, F. & Legendre, P. 2018. Numerical Ecology with R. Second edition. Springer. Supplementary material
• Chao, A. & Jost, L. 2012. Coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation: standardizing samples by completeness rather than size. Ecology 93: 2533–2547.
• Chao, A., Chiu, C.-H. & Jost, L. 2014. Unifying species diversity, phylogenetic diversity, functional diversity, and related similarity and differentiation measures through Hill numbers. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 45:297–324.
• Chao, A., Gotelli, N.J., Hsieh, T.C., Sander, E.L., Ma, K.H., Colwell, R.K. & Ellison, A.M. 2014. Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. Ecological Monographs 84: 45–67.
• Gauch, H.G.Jr. 1982. Multivariate Analysis in Community Ecology. Cambridge University Press.
• Goodall, D. 1954. Objective methods for the classification of vegetation. III. An essay in the use of factor analysis. Australian Journal of Botany 2:304-324.
• Greenacre, M. 2013. The contributions of rare objects in correspondence analysis. Ecology 94: 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1730.1 pdf
• Hill, M.O. 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54: 427-432.
• Hill, M.O. & Gauch, H.G. 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio 42: 47-58.
• Jurasinsky, G., Retzer, V., Beierkuhnlein, C. 2009. Inventory, differentiation, and proportional diversity: a consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity. Oecologia 159:15–26.
• Kent, M. 2011. Vegetation Description and Data Analysis: A Practical Approach, 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 428 pp.
• Legendre, P. & Legendre, L. 1998. Numerical Ecology. Second English edition. Developments in Environmental Modelling 20, Elsevier.
• Legendre, P. & Legendre, L. 2012. Numerical Ecology. Third English edition. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam.
• Legendre, P. & Gallagher, E.D. 2001. Ecologically meaningful transformation for ordination of species data. Oecologia, 129: 271-280. pdf
• Legendre, P. & De Cáceres, M. 2013. Beta diversity as the variance of community data: dissimilarity coefficients and partitioning. 16: 951-963. pdf
• Lepš, J. & Šmilauer, P. 2003. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data using CANOCO. Cambridge Press. Supplementary materials
• McCune, B. 1994. Improving community analysis with the Beals smoothing function. Ecoscience 1: 82-86.
• McCune, B. 1997. Influence of noisy environmental data on canonical correspondence analysis. Ecology 78: 2617-2623. pdf
• McCune, B. & Keon, D. 2002. Equations for potential annual direct incident radiation and heat load. Journal of Vegetation Science 13: 603-606. pdf
• McCune, B. & Grace, J.B. 2002. Analysis of Ecological Communities. MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA.
• Mueller-Dombois, D. & Ellenberg, H. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley & Sons.
• Murtagh, F. & Legendre, P. 2014. Ward’s hierarchical agglomerative clustering method: which algorithms implement ward’s criterion? Journal of Classification 31: 274-295. pdf
• Murtaugh, P.A. 2014. In defence of P values. Ecology 95: 611-617. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0590.1 pdf
• Oksanen, J. (2015) Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Communities in R: vegan tutorial. pdf
• Peres-Neto, P.R., Jackson, D.A. & Somers, K.M. 2005. How many principal components? Stopping rules for determining the number of non-trivial axes revisited. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 49:974–997.pdf
• Peres-Neto, P.R., Legendre, P., Dray, S. & Borcard, D. 2006. Variation partitioning of species data matrices: estimation and comparison of fractions. Ecology 87:2614–2625. pdf
• Smith, T.W. & Lundholm, J.T. 2010. Variation partitioning as a tool to distinguish between niche and neutral processes. Ecography 33: 648-655. pdf
• Šmilauer, P. & Lepš, J. 2014. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data using Canoco 5. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
• ter Braak, C.J.F. 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67: 1167-1179. pdf
• ter Braak, C.J.F. & Šmilauer, P. 2002. CANOCO Reference Manual and CanodDraw for Windows User's Guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4.5.). Microcomputer Power, New York.
• ter Braak, C.J.F. & Šmilauer, P. 2012. CANOCO Reference Manual and User's Guide: Software for Ordination (version 5.0). Microcomputer Power (Ithaca, NY, USA), 496 pp.
• ter Braak, C.J.F. & Šmilauer, P. 2015. Topics in constrained and unconstrained ordination. Plant Ecology 216: 683–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-014-0356-5 pdf
• Tukey, J.W. 1980. We need both exploratory and confirmatory. The American Statistician, 34, 23-25. pdf
• Whittaker, R.H. 1960. Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs 30: 279-338. pdf
• Wilson, J.B. 2012. Species presence/absence sometimes represents a plant community as well as species abundances do, or better. Journal of Vegetation Science 23: 1013–1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01430.x
• Zuur A.F., Ieno E.N. & Smith G.M. 2007. Analysing ecological data. New York. Springer.